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Catégorie: "Schémas" - Loubardes

Catégorie: "Schémas"

Schéma de la machine à états

par Le Grincheux  


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La mise en équations de la machine présentée plus tôt ayant été faite, le schéma électronique de l'automate devient le suivant :

Schéma de la machine à états

Fig. 1 : automate après simplification.

Je vous fais grâce de la simplification des quines et des tableaux de Karnaugh.

Raffinements

par Le Grincheux  


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L'automate fini indiqué hier fonctionne presque. Il n'a qu'un seul défaut : lorsque l'on modifie la combinaison de sortie, la haute tension est coupée et, au même moment, le combinateur ouvre les circuits A et B, ce qui déclenche la protection des transformateurs de sortie. Pour éviter cela, il convient de couper la haute tension en gardant la position courante des sorties puis de les commuter lors de l'état suivant, une fois la haute tension coupée.

L'automate fini devient donc le suivant :

Raffinements

Fig. 1 : nouvelle machine

qui, avec sa forme de papillon, a la particularité d'être aussi très joli.

Gestion des sorties vers les haut-parleurs

par Le Grincheux  


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Pour que cet amplificateur soit d'utilisation la plus large possible, il convient de lui adjoindre une selection des système de haut-parleurs. Sur un amplificateur à transistors, sortant sans transformateur,  cela ne pose aucune espèce de problème. En revanche, sur un amplificateur fonctionnant en haute impédance, il ne faut jamais commuter les systèmes de sortie en fonctionnement sous peine de destruction des transformateurs de sortie. En effet, le secondaire du transformateur ayant une impédance infinie, il se transforme en inductance quasiment pure et peut rapidement entrer dans une oscillation destructrice. J'ai mesuré il y a quelque temps les inductances de transformateurs EI de sortie au pont RLC et j'ai obtenu des valeurs de l'ordre de 100 à 150 H. Une paille !

J'aborderai plus loin une manière de protéger ces transformateurs de sortie contre ces suroscillations. Je m'attarderai ici uniquement à la gestion de la commutation de deux systèmes de haut-parleurs nommés A et B. Encore une fois, cette tâche sera dévolu à une machine à état entièrement définie. Un tel automate est robuste et efficace.

Les variables d'entrée sont dans l'ordre :

  • présence haut-parleurs système B ;
  • présence haut-parleurs système A ;
  • interrupteur général ;
  • sélection système B ;
  • sélection système A ;
  • présente basse tension ;
  • présence haute tension.

Les sorties de la machine de Moore sont les suivantes :

  • test de la présence des haut-parleurs ;
  • arrêt de la haute tension ;
  • commande du système B ;
  • commande du système A.

La haute tension est bloquée par un transistor MOSFET dans le circuit de cathode des tubes de puissance le temps de la commutation des systèmes de haut-parleurs. Quant au test de présence des haut-parleurs, il consiste à envoyer un petit signal à quelques centaines de Hertz pour vérifier qu'il y a bien une impédance en bout de ligne.

Avec ces notations, la machine à état est la suivante :

Gestion des sorties vers les haut-parleurs

 

Fig. 1 : machine à état

La mise en équations dans un prochain billet.

Routage achevé

par Le Grincheux  


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Le routage de la carte de gestion des alimentations n'a pas été simple mais il est achevé. Comme contrainte, je voulais une carte contenant la partie filtrage du secteur, alimentation isolée, régulation et la logique séquentielle. Je voulais aussi avoir des voyants indiquant l'état des différents registres.

Le circuit complet tient sur un PCB de quatre couches FR4 35µm pour toutes les couches de dimension 40cm par 18cm. J'aurais pu le faire plus petit en prenant des composants CMS, mais cela aurait nécessité l'intervention d'un câbleur professionnel, ce qui, pour de très petites séries, a un coût prohibitif.

Routage achevé

Fig. 1 : vue d'ensemble

On voit mal de loin, alors voici une vue de plus près. Il y a du monde. Les pistes de signal font 0,254 mm (10 mils).

Routage achevé

Fig. 2 : détail

Cette carte sera fabriquée par Safe-PCB. Je travaille de longue date avec eux, ils font un excellent travail sur des cartes huit couches avec des pistes de 5 mils. Cela ne devrait donc pas leur poser de problème.

Une dernière image pour la route, une vue 3D. Je n'ai pas tous les modèles de composants, certaines empreintes sont vides mais cela donne une bonne idée du résultat.

Routage achevé

Fig. 3 : vue 3D de la carte de gestion des alimentations

Naturellement, les normes CE ont été respectées durant le routage. Le logo n'est pas usurpé.

Séquenceur d'alimentation

par Le Grincheux  


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Non, ce blog n'est pas mort. Pas encore. Son rédacteur n'est pas décédé à la suite d'une sévère électrocution non plus. Avant d'avancer plus loin dans ce projet, il me fallait mettre au point la carte électronique du séquenceur d'alimentation et surtout le tester en environnement hostile. Typiquement, la température à l'intérieur d'un boîtier contenant de l'électronique à vide peut vite monter à 60°C

Pour rappel, cette carte de gestion est un automate séquentiel car il est impossible de garantir le bon fonctionnement d'un microprocesseur dans un environnement potentiellement chaud. Par (mauvaise) expérience dans la conception de systèmes embarqués, je sais que les durées de rétention des mémoires flash n'est que de quelques mois à 60°C.

Le séquenceur d'alimentation dont le schéma figure à la fin de cet article a été réalisé sous la forme d'un prototype qui a été testé plus de 10000 heures à 70°C. Il comporte sa propre alimentation commutable 115/230V fonctionnant entre 50 et 60Hz. Attention, si ce schéma comporte tous les composants, il ne contient pas toutes les informations nécessaires à la reproduction de cette carte. En particulier ne figurent pas les types de condensateurs spéciaux, les puissances des résistances et quelques autres informations plus ou moins utiles.

Je proposerai dans un futur proche un circuit imprimé à la vente.

  gestion_alimentations.pdf


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