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Random photo
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Schéma de la machine à états
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La mise en équations de la machine présentée plus tôt ayant été faite, le schéma électronique de l'automate devient le suivant :
Fig. 1 : automate après simplification.
Je vous fais grâce de la simplification des quines et des tableaux de Karnaugh.
Raffinements
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L'automate fini indiqué hier fonctionne presque. Il n'a qu'un seul défaut : lorsque l'on modifie la combinaison de sortie, la haute tension est coupée et, au même moment, le combinateur ouvre les circuits A et B, ce qui déclenche la protection des transformateurs de sortie. Pour éviter cela, il convient de couper la haute tension en gardant la position courante des sorties puis de les commuter lors de l'état suivant, une fois la haute tension coupée.
L'automate fini devient donc le suivant :
Fig. 1 : nouvelle machine
qui, avec sa forme de papillon, a la particularité d'être aussi très joli.
Démarche (pseudo) scientifique
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Une personne mal intentionnée m'a mis sous les yeux le site suivant. Ne cliquez pas, ce n'est pas un lien, il vous faudra recopier l'adresse :
http://www.neodio.fr/fr/demarche-scientifique/
Ce que j'y lis fait hérisser le poil de l'électronicien traiteur de signal que je suis. Et pas depuis quatorze ans, depuis plus de vingt. Cette page est l'art de poser de bonnes questions et de répondre par un verbiage incompréhensible selon le vieux principe du si c'est compliqué et asséné avec quelques arguments d'autorité, c'est donc que c'est vrai.
J'adore surtout ce qui suit la remise en cause des solutions techniques habituelles. Je lis :
Cette approche m’a permis de franchir plusieurs étapes vers la véritable fidélité. Durant ces quatorze dernières années, ma recherche a été de comprendre la nature des phénomènes physiques qui impactaient réellement la qualité sonore. Méthodiquement, j’ai étudié et testé différents domaines techniques.
Cette recherche a abouti à des solutions exclusives comme :
- Des systèmes de corrections d’erreur pour combattre les effets thermiques dans les amplificateurs
- Une horloge sans quartz pour la conversion numérique analogique
- Des solutions d’amortissement mécaniques des châssis et des câbles
- Une barrette secteur avec un filtre agissant en dehors du domaine électrique.
Il n'y a pas à dire, c'est du grand art, c'est du lourd. Combattre les effets thermiques dans les amplificateurs par un système de correction d'erreur, cela ne veut rien dire puisqu'on n'amplifie jamais le signal encodé. Quant à mélanger numérique (codé) et analogique dans le même boîtier avec les mêmes alimentations, c'est pour le moins osé. Je passe sous silence l'horloge sans quartz et ses dérives (bizarrement, on ne parle pas de l'intérêt de la chose), de l'amortissement mécanique (sans doute des électrons) et d'un filtre secteur agissant en dehors du domaine électrique dont on peut bien se demander dans quel domaine il agit.
Quant à la suite de la page, j'avoue que les bras m'en tombent.
Pour se faire une idée de l'abyssale bêtise de l'idiophile, une petite vidéo. Attention, c'est du brutal.
Je crois qu'on quitte même le domaine de l'idiophilie pour tomber dans celui des croyances, de la religion et, surtout, de la sorcellerie.
Gestion des sorties vers les haut-parleurs
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Pour que cet amplificateur soit d'utilisation la plus large possible, il convient de lui adjoindre une selection des système de haut-parleurs. Sur un amplificateur à transistors, sortant sans transformateur, cela ne pose aucune espèce de problème. En revanche, sur un amplificateur fonctionnant en haute impédance, il ne faut jamais commuter les systèmes de sortie en fonctionnement sous peine de destruction des transformateurs de sortie. En effet, le secondaire du transformateur ayant une impédance infinie, il se transforme en inductance quasiment pure et peut rapidement entrer dans une oscillation destructrice. J'ai mesuré il y a quelque temps les inductances de transformateurs EI de sortie au pont RLC et j'ai obtenu des valeurs de l'ordre de 100 à 150 H. Une paille !
J'aborderai plus loin une manière de protéger ces transformateurs de sortie contre ces suroscillations. Je m'attarderai ici uniquement à la gestion de la commutation de deux systèmes de haut-parleurs nommés A et B. Encore une fois, cette tâche sera dévolu à une machine à état entièrement définie. Un tel automate est robuste et efficace.
Les variables d'entrée sont dans l'ordre :
- présence haut-parleurs système B ;
- présence haut-parleurs système A ;
- interrupteur général ;
- sélection système B ;
- sélection système A ;
- présente basse tension ;
- présence haute tension.
Les sorties de la machine de Moore sont les suivantes :
- test de la présence des haut-parleurs ;
- arrêt de la haute tension ;
- commande du système B ;
- commande du système A.
La haute tension est bloquée par un transistor MOSFET dans le circuit de cathode des tubes de puissance le temps de la commutation des systèmes de haut-parleurs. Quant au test de présence des haut-parleurs, il consiste à envoyer un petit signal à quelques centaines de Hertz pour vérifier qu'il y a bien une impédance en bout de ligne.
Avec ces notations, la machine à état est la suivante :
Fig. 1 : machine à état
La mise en équations dans un prochain billet.
Routage achevé
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Le routage de la carte de gestion des alimentations n'a pas été simple mais il est achevé. Comme contrainte, je voulais une carte contenant la partie filtrage du secteur, alimentation isolée, régulation et la logique séquentielle. Je voulais aussi avoir des voyants indiquant l'état des différents registres.
Le circuit complet tient sur un PCB de quatre couches FR4 35µm pour toutes les couches de dimension 40cm par 18cm. J'aurais pu le faire plus petit en prenant des composants CMS, mais cela aurait nécessité l'intervention d'un câbleur professionnel, ce qui, pour de très petites séries, a un coût prohibitif.
Fig. 1 : vue d'ensemble
On voit mal de loin, alors voici une vue de plus près. Il y a du monde. Les pistes de signal font 0,254 mm (10 mils).
Fig. 2 : détail
Cette carte sera fabriquée par Safe-PCB. Je travaille de longue date avec eux, ils font un excellent travail sur des cartes huit couches avec des pistes de 5 mils. Cela ne devrait donc pas leur poser de problème.
Une dernière image pour la route, une vue 3D. Je n'ai pas tous les modèles de composants, certaines empreintes sont vides mais cela donne une bonne idée du résultat.
Fig. 3 : vue 3D de la carte de gestion des alimentations
Naturellement, les normes CE ont été respectées durant le routage. Le logo n'est pas usurpé.
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